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Sains Malaysiana 54(4)(2025):
1177-1185
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5404-17
Bulk-Fill
Giomers: Effectiveness of Cure and Cross Link Density Associated with Different
Light Curing Modes
(Giomer
Isi Pukal: Keberkesanan Penyembuhan dan Ketumpatan Pautan Silang Dikaitkan
dengan Mod Pengawetan Cahaya Berbeza)
JIA WEI LEE1, BAO HUI CHAN1, NOOR AZLIN YAHYA2,*,
ZAMRI RADZI3 & ADRIAN U-JIN YAP 2,4,5,6,7
1Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
2Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics,
Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4Department of Dentistry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, 609606,
Singapore
5Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University
Health System, 119228 NUH, Singapore
6National Dental Research Institute Singapore and National Dental
Centre, 168938, Singapore
7Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Health Services, 169857,
Singapore
Diterima: 17
Julai 2024/Diserahkan: 27
Disember 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of
light-curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of
restorative (Beautifil Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) and flowable (Beautifil
Bulk-fill Flowable [BF]) giomers. The giomers were placed in black opaque
acrylic moulds with cylindrical recesses of 5 mm diameter and 4 mm height, and
photo-polymerized with a LED light (Bluephase N) using the following modes:
High power (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Low power (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Soft start (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) followed by 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). The polymerized specimens were stored at 37 °C for 24 h, after which
the top and bottom surfaces of the samples were subjected to microhardness
testing to assess the effectiveness of cure. The specimens were then
conditioned in 75% ethanol-water solution at 37 °C for 24 h and subjected to
post-conditioning microhardness testing to determine cross-link density. Mean
bottom-to-top hardness ratios and the softening effect (∆KHN) with
ethanol-water solution were computed. Data were analyzed using one-way
ANOVA/post-hoc Bonferroni’s test and independent samples T-test (α=0.05).
The influence of curing modes on the effectiveness of cure and cross-link
density were material dependent. Mean pre-conditioning hardness ratios varied
from 40.67 to 50.69 for BR and 59.98 to 67.89 for BF with the different curing
modes. The most effective cure was achieved with LP and SS for BR and BF,
respectively. The lowest cross-link density was observed with LP for both
giomers. In conclusion, the effectiveness of cure and cross-link density of
bulk-fill giomers are more influenced by the material type than light-curing
modes applied.
Keywords: Bulk-fill;
cross-link density; giomer; light-curing mode; microhardness
Abstrak
Penyelidikan ini mengkaji pengaruh mod pemampatan cahaya terhadap giomer
keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan silang bahan restoratif (Beautifil
Bulk-fill Restorative [BR]) dan giomer boleh alir (Beautifil Bulk-fill Flowable
[BF]). Giomer diletakkan dalam acuan akrilik opak hitam dengan lekukan silinder
berdiameter 5 mm dan ketinggian 4 mm, kemudian dipolimerkan dengan cahaya LED
(Bluephase N) menggunakan mod berikut: Kuasa Tinggi (HP) 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s); Kuasa Rendah (LP) 650 mW/cm2 (18.5 s); Mula Lembut (SS) 650 mW/cm2 (5 s) diikuti dengan 1200 mW/cm2 (10 s). Spesimen yang dipolimerkan
disimpan pada suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam, selepas itu permukaan atas dan bawah
sampel diuji mikrokeras untuk menilai keberkesanan pemampatan. Spesimen
kemudian dikondisikan dalam larutan etanol-air 75% pada suhu 37 °C selama 24
jam dan diuji mikrokeras pasca-kondisi untuk menentukan ketumpatan silang.
Nisbah mikrokeras dari bawah ke atas dan kesan lembut (∆KHN) dengan
larutan etanol-air dikira. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu hala/ujian
Bonferroni pasca-hoc dan ujian sampel bebas T (α=0.05). Pengaruh mod
pemampatan terhadap keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan silang bergantung
kepada jenis bahan. Purata nisbah kekerasan pra-kondisi berbeza dari 40.67
hingga 50.69 untuk BR dan 59.98 hingga 67.89 untuk BF dengan mod pemampatan
yang berbeza. Pemampatan paling berkesan diperoleh dengan LP dan SS masing-masing
untuk BR dan BF. Ketumpatan silang terendah diperhatikan dengan LP untuk
kedua-dua giomer. Secara kesimpulannya, keberkesanan pemampatan dan ketumpatan
silang giomer isi pukal lebih dipengaruhi oleh jenis bahan berbanding mod
pemampatan cahaya yang digunakan.
Kata kunci: Giomer; isi pukal; ketumpatan silang; mikrokeras; mod
pemampatan cahaya
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nazlin@um.edu.my
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